Recent Case Highlights

The Center for Reproductive Rights is litigating dozens of cases in state, national and regional courts against harmful laws that restrict access to abortion and other reproductive rights.

Below are updates on some of the Center’s current and recent cases.

An Idaho state court ruled on April 11 to broaden the medical exception to the state’s total abortion bans, allowing patients to access abortion care if they have a health condition or pregnancy complication that creates some risk that the patient may die. The court’s ruling in Adkins v. State of Idaho fails to broaden the medical exception to include fatal fetal conditions, unless the fetal condition also poses a risk to the mother’s life. It also excludes mental health conditions, even if the person is at risk of death from self-harm. The Center brought the case in 2023 on behalf of women denied medically necessary abortion care and physicians.

Read more here.

On Tuesday, March 25, Center attorneys were at the North Dakota Supreme Court defending a lower court ruling that declared the state’s near-total abortion ban unconstitutional. The state has appealed the ruling, which said the ban violates North Dakota’s constitution due to its narrow and vague health and life exceptions and because the ban violates the right to reproductive autonomy. Arguments were livestreamed.

Read more here.

Several hurdles that would have effectively eliminated access to abortion care for most Montanans insured through Medicaid were permanently blocked on March 11. The ruling by a Montana district court came in a lawsuit filed in 2023 by the Center and its partners challenging a state administrative rule and two restrictive state laws as a violation of Montana’s state constitution. 

Read more here.

An Arizona judge permanently blocked the state’s 15-week abortion ban on March 5, declaring it unconstitutional under a 2024 voter-approved amendment. The Arizona Abortion Access Act, approved in November 2024, enshrined abortion rights into the state’s constitution. The Center and its partners brought the case in December 2024 on behalf of Arizona abortion providers to ensure the state’s laws aligned with the amendment, which created a “fundamental right” to receive abortion care up until fetal viability.

Read more here.

Although arguments in SisterSong v. State of Georgia were scheduled to be held at the Georgia Supreme Court in March, on February 20 the court instead vacated a district court’s ruling that had declared the state’s six-week abortion ban unconstitutional and remanded the case to the district court for reconsideration of the plaintiffs’ standing to bring their claims.

Read more about the case here.

Arguments were held February 13–19 in a Michigan court in Northland Family Planning Centers v. Michigan, the Center’s case challenging several burdensome state abortion restrictions. The lawsuit aims to repeal the restrictions to ensure that Michigan’s laws align with the Reproductive Freedom for All Act (RFFA), a state constitutional amendment approved by voters in 2022.

Read more here.

In far-reaching rulings issued January 20, the United Nations Human Rights Committee set new human rights standards to ensure access to sexual education, safe abortion services, and other protections for sexual abuse survivors. The rulings came in cases brought in 2019 by the Center and its partners on behalf of four Latin American girls who were raped, denied access to abortion care and other health services, and forced to remain pregnant and give birth. The rulings—which call on States to amend their legislation to ensure access to abortion and to prevent girls from facing forced pregnancies and forced motherhood—extend to more than 170 countries that are member States of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). 

Read more here.

2024 Highlights

In November 2024, Arizona voters overwhelmingly approved an amendment to their state constitution to protect the right to abortion. To ensure that Arizona’s laws align with the new amendment, the Center and its partners filed a lawsuit on December 2, 2024, challenging the state’s 15-week abortion ban, which has been in effect since 2022. Filed on behalf of Arizona health care providers, the lawsuit argues that the ban violates the new amendment by denying, restricting and interfering with the right to pre-viability abortion.

Read more here.

The Center presented arguments in Adkins v. State of Idaho, which challenges the limited scope of the medical exceptions to Idaho’s two abortion bans. The court heard testimony from women denied abortion care despite dire pregnancy complications and doctors prevented from providing patient care. The trial was held November 12–21, 2024, at the Ada County Courthouse in Boise.

Read more here.

On November 15, 2024, a Montana state court blocked a series of onerous and unnecessary new restrictions on abortion clinics that were issued by the Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services in September. The rules would have taken effect on November 19, making it it impossible for some clinics to stay open or keep providing abortion care, but will now remain blocked as the case proceeds.

Read more here.

Because of a court ruling temporarily blocking Tennessee’s abortion ban for dangerous pregnancy complications and lethal fetal diagnoses, doctors will now be able to provide abortion care to their patients facing those conditions without fear of disciplinary action.

The ruling, issued October 17, 2024, came in Blackmon v. State of Tennessee, a case brought by the Center on behalf of seven Tennessee women denied abortion care and two physicians.

Read more here.

On October 9, 2024, the Montana Supreme Court upheld a district court’s rulings temporarily blocking a number of abortion restrictions, including severe restrictions on Medicaid patients’ access to abortion care. The Medicaid rule, which the Center and its partners argue violates the Montana constitution, will remain blocked until the district court issues its final decision.

Read more here.

The Georgia Supreme Court reinstated the state’s six-week abortion ban on October 7, 2024, after a lower state court declared the ban unconstitutional. The lower court had ruled on September 30 in SisterSong v. State of Georgia that abortion is protected under the Georgia constitution’s fundamental right to privacy. The case will proceed at the Georgia Supreme Court.

Read more here.

Abortion will again be legal in North Dakota after a state court ruled September 12, 2024, that the state’s near-total abortion ban is unconstitutional. The case challenging the ban, Access Independent Health Services, Inc., d/b/a Red River Women’s Clinic v. Drew H. Wrigley, was brought by the Center and its partners on behalf of a North Dakota abortion provider and its physicians. The state’s motion to appeal the ruling was denied October 10.

Read more here.

The Center’s complaints, filed August 6, 2024, argue that by refusing to provide care to two women with life-threatening ectopic pregnancies, the hospitals violated the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA), which requires hospitals to provide “stabilizing” treatment.

Read more here.

Native Hawaiian midwives will be able to resume pregnancy and birth care in their communities for now after a state court ruled to temporarily block part of the state’s midwifery restriction law. The ruling came July 23, 2024, in Kahoʻohanohano v. State of Hawaiʻi, a case brought by the Center and its partners to challenge the law, defend reproductive autonomy, and restore access to safe, respectful, and culturally informed maternal care in Hawaiʻi communities. The Center and its partners filed the lawsuit in February asking a state court to block the law, which is preventing pregnant people from receiving pregnancy and birth care from trusted, skilled midwives and has been particularly devastating for Native Hawaiian midwifery practitioners and families of color. 

Read more here.

The Kansas Supreme Court reaffirmed on July 5, 2024, that the state constitution protects the right to abortion, striking down several abortion restrictions challenged by the Center on behalf of Kansas abortion providers. The decision comes over four years after the court recognized that the state constitution protects the right to abortion—and nearly two years after Kansans voted to protect that right.

Read more here.

The U.S. Supreme Court on June 27, 2024, refused to say whether federal law requires hospitals to provide stabilizing abortion care. The case involved a challenge by the U.S. Department of Justice to Idaho’s near-total abortion ban, which conflicts with the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)—a long-time federal law that requires hospital emergency rooms to provide “stabilizing treatment,” including emergency abortion care. The Court dismissed the case and reinstated a lower court ruling blocking Idaho’s abortion ban to the extent that it conflicts with EMTALA. The Center submitted an amicus brief in the case, Idaho v. United States and Moyle et al. v. United States.

Read more here.

A Michigan state court temporarily blocked three state abortion restrictions on June 25, 2024. The ruling came in a Center case filed February 2024, which asserts that the three restrictions—including a mandatory waiting period, a biased counseling requirement, and a prohibition on advanced practice clinicians providing abortion care—violate Michigan’s Reproductive Freedom for All constitutional amendment. The laws will remain blocked as the case proceeds.

Read more here.

Access to a widely used abortion medication remains unchanged after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled on June 13, 2024, that the plaintiffs suing the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) did not have standing to bring the case. The ruling in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA allows mifepristone to remain accessible through telemedicine and pharmacies—distribution permitted under the FDA’s recent actions to expand access to the drug. In deciding the case on the issue of standing, the Court did not weigh in on the merits of the case. The Center and its partners submitted an amicus brief in this case in support of the FDA’s actions.

Read more here.

In a ruling on May 31, 2024, the Texas Supreme Court refused to clarify the exceptions to the state’s abortion bans and rejected claims brought by 20 women who were denied abortion care despite facing dire pregnancy complications. The decision in Zurawski v. State of Texas largely ignored the women who filed the case and failed to clarify when physicians can use their own medical judgement to provide abortion care without fear of prosecution. “This ruling means that pregnant Texans will continue to suffer because they can’t access the medical care they desperately need,” said Molly Duane, senior staff attorney at the Center.

Read more here.

The Center and Planned Parenthood filed a legal challenge on May 20, 2024, to a new Kansas law that would force providers to report to the state patients’ reasons for seeking abortion care. The lawsuit asserts that the law, due to take effect July 1, directly interferes with Kansans’ bodily autonomy and their fundamental right to make their own decisions about health care, and that it violates patient privacy and jeopardizes provider-patient relationships. The lawsuit is asking the court to add this challenge to an ongoing case challenging other Kansas abortion restrictions.

Read more here.

The U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments on April 24, 2024, in a case that could deny pregnant patients access to emergency medical care and further upend abortion access across the country. The dispute concerns the State of Idaho’s near-total abortion ban, which conflicts with the Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act (EMTALA)—a federal law that requires hospitals to provide “stabilizing treatment” to patients seeking care in emergency rooms. The Center submitted an amicus brief in the case on behalf of pregnant women in states with abortion bans who were denied or delayed stabilizing abortion care while experiencing obstetrical emergencies. 

Read more here.

The Center and the Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM) are challenging Honduras’s total abortion ban in a case involving an indigenous Honduran woman who became pregnant as a result of rape—then was forced to give birth after being denied emergency contraception and abortion care. The case marks the first time Honduras has been brought before the UN for its total abortion ban.

Read more here.

A hearing in Blackmon v. State of Tennessee, which challenges the state’s total abortion ban as applied to pregnant people with emergent medical conditions, was held April 4, 2024, at the Tennessee Twelfth Judicial District Court. 

View photos and media coverage here.

The Florida Supreme Court on April 1, 2024, overturned decades of precedent and ruled that the Florida constitution’s explicit right to privacy no longer protects abortion rights. By upholding the state’s 15-week abortion ban, the Court also cleared the way for its six-week ban to take effect. 

Read more here.

The U.S. Supreme Court heard arguments March 26, 2024, in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA, a case filed by anti-abortion advocates challenging the FDA’s approval of the abortion drug mifepristone and seeking to remove it from the market nationwide.

Read more here.

In a significant victory for all Kenyans, the Court of Appeal of Kenya affirmed the right to respectful maternal health care in the case of Josephine Majani—a pregnant woman who was physically and verbally abused by hospital staff, and left to deliver her baby on a concrete hospital floor. The Court’s decision, issued February 23, 2024, upheld a landmark 2018 judgment by the Kenyan High Court defending the human rights of Majani in the case, which was brought by the Center.

Read more here.

To help ensure that Michigan’s abortion laws align with the amendment approved by voters in 2022 to enshrine reproductive freedom in the state’s constitution, the Center filed a lawsuit on February 6, 2024, challenging three burdensome state abortion restrictions still on the books. “With this lawsuit, we hope to eliminate archaic and harmful restrictions that are outright contrary to the RFFA and help ensure the state’s laws reflect the will of Michigan voters,” said Rabia Muqaddam, senior staff attorney at the Center.

Read more here.

An amicus brief submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court by the Center, the American Civil Liberties Union, and The Lawyering Project in support of the FDA’s 2016 and 2021 actions on mifepristone outlines how the lower courts, in rejecting the robust scientific basis for the FDA’s actions, relied on “patently unreliable witnesses” and “ideologically tainted junk science” in their rulings. The brief was filed January 30, 2024, in Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA. The case—which threatens access to the abortion medication nationwide—will be argued at the Supreme Court on March 26. 

Read more on the brief and the case.

In a preliminary ruling on January 23, 2024, a North Dakota state court denied the Center’s request to block the state’s abortion ban in situations where an abortion is necessary to preserve the life or health of a pregnant person. The court did not address the constitutional questions that are the focus of the case and will issue a final ruling after a hearing on the merits of the case. In March 2023, the North Dakota Supreme Court blocked the state’s “trigger ban” as a violation of the state’s constitution. The following month, state lawmakers passed another total abortion ban, which is the law now at issue in the case.

Read more here.

On January 8, 2024, four more women joined the Center’s lawsuit against Tennessee, Blackmon v. State of Tennessee, after being denied medically necessary abortion care for their severe and dangerous pregnancy complications. There are now nine plaintiffs in the case, which challenges Tennessee’s total abortion ban as applied to pregnant people with emergent medical conditions. The Center also asked the court for a temporary injunction, which would immediately block Tennessee’s abortion ban as it applies to dangerous pregnancy complications while the case proceeds.

Read more here.

2023 Highlights

An Idaho Court on December 29, 2023 rejected the state’s motion to dismiss Adkins v. State of Idaho, a case challenging the limited scope of the medical exceptions to Idaho’s two abortion bans: a total trigger ban and a “vigilante”-style six-week ban. The court’s ruling allows the case to proceed. The case was brought on behalf of four women who were denied abortion care despite facing severe pregnancy complications; two Idaho physicians who provide obstetrical care; and a professional membership organization consisting of Idaho physicians, medical residents and medical students.

Read more here.

The U.S. Supreme Court agreed on December 13, 2023 to take up Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA, a case filed by anti-abortion advocates challenging the FDA’s approval of the abortion drug mifepristone and seeking to remove it from the market nationwide. Arguments have been scheduled for March 26. The case reaches the Supreme Court after an appellate court partially upheld a lower court ruling attempting to reinstate burdensome pre-2016 restrictions on mifepristone that make it much harder to access. That order is currently blocked and will remain blocked until the Supreme Court rules, likely in June 2024.

Read more here.

The Texas Supreme Court ruled on December 11, 2023 to deny a pregnant woman’s request for emergency abortion care in the state. The plaintiff, Kate Cox, recently received confirmation that her pregnancy had Trisomy 18 and had no chance of survival. She was warned by her OB-GYN and MFN specialist that continuing to carry the pregnancy to term could jeopardize her health and future fertility. The Center filed the case, Cox v. Texas, on December 5, asking a state court to temporarily block Texas’s abortion bans so Cox was able to obtain the urgent care she needed to avoid the dangerous risks of being forced to stay pregnant.

Read more here.

Although Kansas voters overwhelmingly rejected efforts to eliminate the fundamental right to abortion from the state constitution in 2022, state lawmakers enacted several onerous, harmful abortion restrictions that diminished access to care. On October 30, 2023, a Kansas state court judge blocked those restrictions, which were challenged by the Center and its partners in a lawsuit brought in June on behalf of Kansas abortion providers. The case argued that the restrictions violated the state constitution, including the rights to abortion and free speech.

Read more here.

On September 27, 2023, a court blocked a Montana law challenged by the Center that requires abortion clinics to be licensed and the state to issue regulations detailing licensure requirements. Although the law was set to take effect October 1, in the three months since the law was enacted, the state has yet to even propose regulations, making it impossible for clinics to comply by the effective date.

Read more here.

After a five-year court battle, a health care provider and the mother of an adolescent girl—represented by the Center and the Reproductive Health Network of Kenya (RHNK)—were cleared of charges of procuring an abortion by a court in Makadara, Kenya. The September 25, 2023 dismissal of the case, Republic v. Samson Mwita & Grace Wanjiku, aligns with earlier court rulings in Kenya declaring that it is illegal to arrest and prosecute abortion patients and providers, and it sends a clear message affirming abortion as a health care right.

Read more here.

The Center and its partners, on behalf of abortion providers in the state, filed a new challenge to South Carolina’s six-week abortion ban. The lawsuit, filed September 14, 2023, asks the South Carolina Supreme Court to resolve ambiguity raised in its August decision that upheld the ban.

Read more here.

Expanding its work on behalf of patients denied abortion care despite severe and dangerous pregnancy complications, on September 12, 2023, the Center filed complaints in Idaho, Tennessee and Oklahoma. The complaints seek to ensure that pregnant people in such dire situations can access abortion care and that doctors have clarity on “medical emergency” exceptions in their state’s abortion bans.

Read more here.

After the makeup of the court changed, the South Carolina Supreme Court on August 23, 2023, upheld a law banning abortion at approximately six weeks of pregnancy. The ban is almost identical to the one it struck down in January and the ruling that will devastate abortion access in the state and throughout the region.

Read more here.

On August 21, 2023, a federal court in Virginia denied the Center’s request for a preliminary injunction that would have protected access to the abortion pill mifepristone in Virginia, Montana, and Kansas.  The Center filed the request in Whole Woman’s Health Alliance v. FDA (WWH v. FDA) in May seeking to buttress the current access to mifepristone in line with a decision issued by a Washington court applicable to 17 states and D.C. In its ruling in WWH v. FDA, the court acknowledged the safety and importance of mifepristone, and the case will proceed in the trial court.

Access to mifepristone is threatened by an April 7 ruling by a Texas federal court in a separate case, Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine v. FDA, that attempted to block the FDA’s long-standing approval of the drug. The ruling in WWH v. FDA came days after the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld in large part the Texas court’s ruling. (The Fifth Circuit ruling has not taken effect due to a U.S. Supreme Court stay, and the Government has asserted that it will appeal.)

Read more here.

Even though abortion is protected as a fundamental right under the Kansas constitution, state lawmakers have singled out abortion providers and patients with medically unnecessary and harmful restrictions to make access to care more difficult. On behalf of Kansas abortion providers, on June 6, 2023, the Center and its partner filed a lawsuit in state court challenging several restrictions scheduled to take effect as early as July 1.

The restrictions include measures requiring providers to relay to patients at least five times that a medication abortion can be “reversed”—a false, and potentially dangerous, claim unsupported by scientific evidence; a requirement that patients receive inaccurate state-mandated information, including medically unfounded statements that abortion poses a “risk of premature birth in future pregnancies” and “risk of breast cancer;” and other rules to delay care.

Read more here.

On May 31, 2023, the Oklahoma Supreme Court struck down two citizen-enforced abortion bans mirroring Texas’ S.B. 8., affirming the court’s recent decision that the state constitution protects the right to abortion in life-threatening situations. The high court confirmed that doctors must be able to use their medical judgement to determine whether to provide an abortion when a patient’s life is at risk. While abortion remains largely unavailable in Oklahoma and the state’s pre-Roe ban remains in effect, the ruling ensures that Oklahoma’s vigilante bans cannot hold doctors back from providing life-saving care.

Read more here.

On May 12, 2023, the Montana Supreme Court permanently struck down a law that prohibited advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs) from providing abortion care. In its unanimous decision, the Montana Supreme Court reaffirmed that the state constitution guarantees the right of Montanans to seek abortion care from a qualified healthcare provider of their choice. “Abortions remain one of the safest procedures when performed collectively by health care providers, including APRNs,” the justices wrote. The ruling expands the eligible pool of abortion providers in the state.

Read more here.

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